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This paper presents an eleven degrees of freedom, non-linear, multi-body dynamics model of a motorcycle. Front and rear chassis, steering system, suspensions and tires are the main features of the model. An original tire model was developed, which takes into account the geometric shape of tires and the elastic deformation of tire carcasses. This model also describes the dynamic behavior of tires in a way similar to relaxation models. Equations of motion stem from the natural coordinates approach. First, each rigid body is described with a set of fully cartesian coordinates. Then, links between the bodies are obtained by means of algebraic equations. This makes it possible to obtain simple equations of motion, even though the coordinates are redundant. The model was implemented in a Fortran code, named FastBike. In order to test the code, both simulated and real slalom and lane change maneuvers were carried out. A very good agreement between the numerical simulations and experimental test was found. The comparison of FastBike's performance with those of some commercial software shows that first is much faster than others. In particular, real time simulations can be carried out using FastBike and it can be employed on a motorcycle simulator.
Cossalter et al. (Sat,) studied this question.