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This study examines the relationship between digital transformation and R second, regional peer effects encourage firms to increase R&D in response to surrounding enterprises’ digital maturity. Further analyses reveal that digital transformation speed amplifies this positive effect, and all five digital sub-dimensions – artificial intelligence, big data, cloud computing, blockchain, and digital technology applications – exert significant positive influences on R&D expenditure. Digital transformation fosters both capitalised and expensed R&D, while also enhancing R&D-related human capital input and innovation output.
Tingqian Pu (Thu,) studied this question.