We have developed two curved beam elements with two nodes, CSCC and CSLC, based on Timoshenko's beam theory and the curvilinear co‐ordinate system. These curved beam elements have been modified from the conventional strain element, which has been applied only to Euler beam analysis. Therefore they do not have any spurious constraints and locking characteristics. They also show rapid and stable convergence on the wide ranges of beam length to height ratio for linear and non‐linear analyses.
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Choi et al. (1993) studied this question.
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