Mass screening: theory and ethics.

Costs of screening Costs to the patients * Economic loss (lost work, increased insurance premiums) * False reassurance to some patients * Unnecessary anxiety and further investigation for some patients * Psychological harm Costs to the practice * Time and resource cost of test * Time and resource cost of follow up Costs to the NHS * Reimbursements to practice from family practitioner committee * Prescribing costs * Increased use of hospital facilities. 0 -Low threshold 0 Moderate threshold a-High threshold