Serum Adipocytokines, Metabolic and Immunological Correlations in Type 1 Diabetes mellitus (T1DM) Children

The prevalence of childhood type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is high among Saudi Arabian population. A viable solution is imperative for combating dreadful endocrine based diseases using adipocytokines functional characters. A relation between, adipocytokines, metabolism and immunological indices of healthy and T1DM insulin treated Saudi children is evaluated. The target group was Saudi children healthy and insulin treated T1DM aged between 3 to 14 years. A total of 28 Saudi pediatric volunteers consist of 13 diabetic and 15 healthy have participated from King Fahad Teaching Hospital in Alkhobar city. Inclusion criteria of insulin treated T1DM participants should be free from hypertension, obesity, history of cardiac, kidney or liver disease and endocrine dysfunction except diabetes. Healthy children free from all these problems were included. Serum adipocytokines (leptin, adiponectin, apelin, visfatin, resistin), metabolic parameters (insulin, fasting glucose, HbA1c,) immunological indices (IgG, IgA, IgM, and IgE) and complement factors (C3, C4) were assayed. Serum levels of leptin, apelin and visfatin were significantly elevated in T1DM treated with insulin group compared to healthy group. There is a positive correlation between adipocytokines and metabolic parameters but there is not with immunological indices. There was a significant positive correlation exists between HbA1c, glucose, leptin, apelin and insulin. Some elevated adipocytokines (leptin, visfatin and apelin) in serum may be attributed to the higher levels of HbA1c, glucose and insulin. Exogenous insulin treatment on T1DM children failed to control serum levels of adipocytokines (leptin, visfatin, apelin) and metabolic parameters (HbA1c, fasting glucose). The results revealed that leptin, visfatin and apelin may have a promising role as biomarkers in T1DM.