Refrigeration technologies of cryogenic chips

Cryogenic electronics refers to the devices and circuits operated at cryogenic temperatures (below 123.15 K), which are made from a variety of materials such as insulators, conductors, semiconductors, superconductors, or topological materials. The cryogenic electronics could provide some unique advantages that cannot be realized in room temperature, such as high computing speed, high power performance and so on. Choosing the appropriate refrigeration technology plays an important role in achieving the best performance of the cryogenic electronics. In this review, we divide the cryogenic technology into non-optical refrigeration and optical refrigeration, where non-optical refrigeration technologies are relatively conventional refrigeration technologies, while optical refrigeration is an emerging research field for the cooling of the chips. We will introduce the fundamental principles, applications and development prospects of the non-optical refrigeration, and the research history, fundamental principles, existing problems and application prospects of the optical refrigeration.