What question did this study set out to answer?

This article aims to explore how Turkey's ruling elites use civilizational narratives to contest the liberal international order.

Civilization and its discontents in shifting international order: reading the Turkish case

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This article explores Turkey's use of civilizational narratives to redefine its role, contesting the liberal international order.

This article aims to explore how Turkey's ruling elites use civilizational narratives to contest the liberal international order.
Analysis of civilizational discourse based on ontological security studies and Freud's theories.
Examination of Turkey's historical narratives and their influence on international relations.
Civilizational narratives serve as tools for Turkey to manage historical resentments and articulate an alternative vision.
The discourse provides ontological restraint and a sense of liberation for non-Western identities, primarily in the Global South.

Umut Can Adısönmez (2026) studied this question.

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