AT1-AA induced hypertension during pregnancy contributes to developmental programming of hypertension in female offspring

Figures

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  Fig. 1.. AT1-AA female offspring have elevated blood pressure – AT1-AA infusion during pregnancy increases birth weight but causes female adult hypertension. AT1-AA male and female offspring were larger at birth, but AT1-AA litters were smaller than NP litters. There was no difference in adult weight; however, adult female AT1-AA offspring had increased blood pressure compared to adult female control offspring. Data are presented as mean ± SEM, *p < 0.05.

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  Fig. 2.. AT1-AA female offspring have changes in circulating immune cells – AT1-AA female offspring have trending increased circulating cytolytic NK cells. They had increased circulating B cells and T reg cells. There were no differences in total NK cells, T helper cells, or T helper 17 cells in the circulation of AT1-AA offspring compared to control offspring. % Lymphocytes indicates that the data reported are expressed as the percentage of lymphocytes that stained positive for specific markers. Data are presented as mean ± SEM, *p < 0.05.

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  Fig. 3.. AT1-AA offspring have elevated AT1-AA as adults – Male and female AT1-AA offspring have increased circulating AT1-AA. Female AT1-AA offspring have elevated renal endothelin-1 and preproendothelin expression. AT1-AA offspring have increased circulating AT1-AA as measured by a cardiomyocyte bioassay compared to control offspring. AT1-AA female offspring have increased preproendothelin expression. ΔBPM indicates a change in the beats per minute of cultured cardiomyocytes after application of IgGs isolated from serum samples which indicates AT1-AA activity. Fold increase (ΔΔct) indicates the fold change in the mRNA expression compared to the control group. Data are presented as mean ± SEM, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.

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  Fig. 4.. Progesterone is elevated in AT1-AA female offspring – Progesterone is elevated in female AT1-AA offspring. There were no differences found in circulating testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, or estradiol between AT1-AA and control offspring. Female AT1-AA offspring had trending elevated progesterone compared to female control offspring. Female AT1-AA offspring have increased progesterone receptor expression in renal tissue. Progesterone-induced blocking factor trended higher in AT1-AA female offspring. Fold increase (ΔΔct) indicates the fold change in the mRNA expression compared to the control group. Data are presented as mean ± SEM.