Extracorporeal ultrafiltration for acute heart failure: patient selection and perspectives

Figures

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  Figure 1. Schematic representation of the cascade of events leading to impaired urinary sodium excretion in AHF. Abbreviations: AHF, acute heart failure; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; RAAS, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

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  Figure 2. Principle of ultrafiltration using a veno-venous extracorporeal circuit. Reproduced with permission Springer Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. Continuous ultrafiltration in acute decompensated heart failure: Current issues and future directions. 2015;15(2):103–112. Marenzi G, Morpurgo M, Agostoni P.17 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 with the permission of Springer.

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  Figure 3. Schematic exemplification of fluid volume shift between the extra-vascular and intra-vascular compartments during ultrafiltration.

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  Figure 4. Sodium removal in acute heart failure patients treated with diuretics only, with ultrafiltration but without diuretics, and with the combination of ultrafiltration and diuretics.