Key result
Smoking and hypertension appear to have an additive effect as risk factors for cardiovascular disease, potentially mediated by endothelial dysfunction and impaired nitric oxide availability.
Smoking and hypertension likely have an additive effect on cardiovascular risk, driven by mechanisms such as endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress.
Causal link between smoking and hypertension remains unproven; leaves open endothelial mechanisms for prospective study.
A causal relationship between exposure to smoking and increase in blood pressure (BP) is not yet clearly demonstrated. Some observations suggest a transient increase while smoking a cigarette or when exposed to passive smoking. Late stable hypertension may also occur as a consequence of smoking. This could be attributed to the progression of atherogenesis triggered by smoking (e.g. endothelial dysfunction). Endothelial dysfunction is strongly associated with hypertension. Impaired nitric oxide (NO) availability attributable to oxidative stress production, which causes NO breakdown, has also been considered as another mechanism. Smoking and hypertension seem to have an additive effect as risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
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Aurelio Leone (2011) conducted a review in Hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Smoking was evaluated. Smoking and hypertension appear to have an additive effect as risk factors for cardiovascular disease, potentially mediated by endothelial dysfunction and impaired nitric oxide availability.
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