Experimental elevated temperature affects bumblebee foraging and flight speed

Global warming threatens wild bees and their interaction with plants. While earlier studies have highlighted the negative effects of elevated temperatures on bee–plant interactions, we still lack knowledge about how they impact the foraging behaviours that are central to bee pollination activities. To address this knowledge gap, we investigated how ambient temperature affected the foraging behaviours of the bumblebee Bombus terrestris . We allowed the bumblebees to forage freely on artificial flowers in two climate-controlled rooms set at 24°C and 32°C. The colonies were alternated between the two temperatures every week. We recorded the flower visitation rate, flight speed, total foraging time and number of foraging trips. In addition, we measured flight metabolic rate across a range of temperatures to assess its potential as an underlying mechanism. In comparison to 24°C, at 32°C, flower visitation time decreased while flower visitation rate and flight speed increased. This is consistent with the reduction in flight metabolic rate recorded between these temperatures. At 32°C, the number of trips made by each worker decreased, suggesting that, despite the reduced energetic cost, flight in elevated temperatures may be stressful. Our results suggest that elevated temperatures affect bumblebee foraging behaviour and that this would likely disrupt plant–insect interactions.