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A microgrid is an advanced, small-scale power grid comprising conventional and non-conventional generation units, loads, and controllers. One of the reasons behind the growing interest and research in developing the microgrid concept is the seamless integration of renewable energy into the power grid. This concept also helps to ensure a reliable and economical local power supply to remote areas. Furthermore, renewable energy systems supply the network with the necessary power, which may be utilized directly or saved using energy storage devices. This approach to power management requires an effective control system to improve the microgrid's overall performance. Selection and design of an efficient controller for microgrids is a challenging task. There are several challenges to design a stable and effective control structure for a microgrid. This review article provides the details based on 194 published research articles in between 2010 and 2025, covering microgrid architectures, working principles, their harmfulness and control strategies. This review articulates an innovative classification of microgrid control methods, categorizing them as conventional, advanced, and intelligent techniques, along with a comparative evaluation framework based on performance metrics such as robustness, settling time, computational load, and communication requirements. It also identifies existing research gaps as well as their benefits and limitations and suggests a path forward for controller development, aiming to achieve robust and autonomous microgrids. The major findings indicate that hybrid intelligent control systems, which incorporate adaptive, predictive, and AI-based methodologies, excel in complex and dynamic microgrid contexts.
Samal et al. (Wed,) studied this question.