In sickness and in health: The functional role of extracellular vesicles in physiology and pathology in vivo

FIGURE 1. Examples of potential extracellular vesicle (EVs) interactions between different cell types and the vasculature. in vivo evidence suggests that EVs can act as a seed for the development of a metastatic niche (top panel), a binding nexus for platelet adhesion and activation (middle panel) and as an activation point for the endothelium in the inflammatory response (bottom panel). Taken from refs: (Agouni et al., 2019; Akbar et al., 2017; Anthony & Couch, 2014; Badimon et al., 2016; Becker et al., 2016; Cloutier et al., 2013; Costa‐Silva et al., 2015; Couch, Akbar, Davis et al., 2017; Couch, Akbar, Roodselaar et al., 2017; Deng et al., 2017; Dickens et al., 2017; Fabbri et al., 2012; Hazelton et al., 2018; Hoshino et al., 2015; Keklikoglou et al., 2019; Loyer et al., 2018; Maugeri et al., 2018; Meehan & Vella, 2016; Mörtberg et al., 2019; Motta‐Mejia et al., 2017; Peinado et al., 2012; Ridger et al., 2017; Siljander et al., 1996; Tominaga et al., 2015; Yates et al., 2019; H. Zhang, Deng, et al., 2017; L. Zhang et al., 2015; Zubairova et al., 2015)

FIGURE 2. Examples of potential extracellular vesicle (EVs) interactions between cells of the immune system. EVs have been shown to play ambiguous roles in the transmission of initial infection by, for example, viruses (Dias et al., 2018). However, in terms of activation and suppression of the immune system there is considerable evidence from in vivo models of disease to suggest that EVs play a significant role. Taken from refs: (Akbar et al., 2017; Bashratyan et al., 2013; Blonda et al., 2018; Bobrie et al., 2012; Casella et al., 2018; Cloutier et al., 2013; Costa‐Silva et al., 2015; C. Liu et al., 2006; Dias et al., 2018; Hulsmans et al., 2013; Jansen et al., 2017; J.‐G. Wang et al., 2011; Kim et al., 2005; Kimura et al., 2018; Mitsuhashi et al., 2016; Rahman et al., 2014; Saenz‐Cuesta et al., 2014; Sheng et al., 2011; Ullal et al., 2011; Valenti et al., 2006)