Reduced reactive hyperemia of the brachial artery in diabetic patients assessed by repeated measurements: The FMD‐J B study

Figures

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  FIGURE 1. Flowchart of study. A total of 966 patients were enrolled from 22 centers. Data were analyzed for 943 patients who were evaluated for brachial hyperemia at one time point at least. The actual number of patients who underwent BRH testing at each time point is shown. BL, baseline; BRH, brachial reactive hyperemia; FMD, flow‐mediated dilation; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; Y, years.

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  FIGURE 2. Age‐adjusted BRH according to T2DM status. The graph shows the time course of BRH measurements adjusted for age (A, men; B, women). With the except of BRH at baseline in women, BRH was significantly lower in the T2DM group than in the non‐T2DM group. The data are shown as the mean ± standard error. The solid lines are for the non‐T2DM group, and the dotted lines are for the T2DM group. *p < 0.05, T2DM versus non‐T2DM, † p < 0.01, T2DM versus non‐T2DM. BL, baseline; BRH, brachial reactive hyperemia; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; Y, years.

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  FIGURE 3. Scatter plots showing the relationship between BRH and blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin levels at each time point. The graphs show the correlation of BRH with blood glucose levels (a–f) and HbA1c (g–l) at baseline, 1.5 years, and 3 years. The relationship is shown separately for men (a–c, g–i) and women (d–f, j–l). BRH, brachial reactive hyperemia; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; Y, years.

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  FIGURE 4. Scatter plots showing the measurements accumulated over 3 years. The graphs show the correlations of BRH with blood glucose levels in men (a) and women (b) and those of BRH with HbA1c in men (c) and women (d). Few patients had high BRH when blood glucose or HbA1c exceeded 126 mg/dL or 6.5%, (i.e., the diagnostic threshold for type 2 diabetes mellitus). BRH, brachial reactive hyperemia; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin.