Assessment of Coronary Artery Disease Prevalence in Patients With Hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus & Hyperlipidemia

Introduction: Coronary artery disease is the first leading cause of death. Coronary artery disease is the build-up of plaque in the arteries that supply rich oxygen blood to the heart. Plaque causes a narrowing or blockage that could result in myocardial infarction. Atherosclerosis is highly prevalent and forms the underlying pathophysiology for coronary artery disease & it is characterized by a diseased endothelium, low-grade inflammation, lipid accumulation and plaque formation within the intima of the vessel wall. The Inter- Heart study demonstrated that coronary heart disease risk factors such as abnormal lipids, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, abdominal obesity, psychosocial factors, consumption of alcohol, and irregular physical activity account for most of the risk of myocardial infarction worldwide in both sexes and at all ages in all regions. Objectives: To examine the association between hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia and prevalence of coronary artery disease, Prevalence of coronary artery disease in young adults and comparing the gender ratio, To counsel the patients regarding the disease, risk factors of coronary artery disease & lifestyle modifications in patients with hypertension, diabetes mellitus & hyperlipidemia. Methods: This is a prospective observational study conducted in 150 patients with hypertension, diabetes mellitus & hyperlipidemia. Results: our study reports that there is a significant prevalence of coronary artery disease in hypertensive patients when compared with diabetes & hyperlipidemia patients. The study of CAD and coronary risk factors are more prevalent among older adults when compared with younger adults. It is possible that managing the disease and risk factors with proper treatment, implementing lifestyle modifications can be beneficial for the prevention. Conclusion: The study highlights the significant prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) among patients with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia. Hypertension appeared as the most common condition associated with CAD, followed by diabetes and hyperlipidemia. Additionally, the prevalence of CAD was notably higher in older adults compared to younger adults, reflecting the cumulative impact of risk factor exposure over time. Gender-specific analysis revealed a higher prevalence in males, underscoring the importance of tailored preventive strategies. Lifestyle factors, such as physical inactivity, smoking, and obesity, were identified as major contributors to CAD risk, emphasizing the need for comprehensive lifestyle interventions. The study underscores the effectiveness of patient counseling and education in improving adherence to medication, promoting regular exercise, dietary modifications, and smoking cessation. These interventions proved measurable improvements in mitigating risk factors and managing the disease. In conclusion, targeted strategies focusing on early detection, effective management of hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia, along with lifestyle modifications, can significantly reduce the burden of CAD. Future efforts should aim to enhance patient education, promote routine monitoring, and strengthen the integration of multidisciplinary approaches in CAD prevention and management.