Key result
Ischemia with nonobstructive coronary artery disease (INOCA) is primarily driven by coronary spasm and microvascular dysfunction, requiring comprehensive invasive diagnostic procedures to guide tailored medical therapy.
Why the study?
Despite recent studies, consensuses, and guidelines on ischemia with nonobstructive coronary artery disease (INOCA), several unsolved problems still exist regarding its management and treatment.
This review summarizes the current consensus on the definition, pathophysiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of ischemia with nonobstructive coronary artery disease (INOCA).
Myocardial ischemia is known to occur even in the absence of coronary artery stenosis. Ischemia with nonobstructive coronary artery disease (INOCA) was first defined in 2017. Since then, several studies have been conducted, and consensuses and guidelines have been reported on the treatment and management of INOCA. Numerous studies have examined coronary spasm/vasospastic angina (CSA/VSA) and coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD), resulting in the current consensus concerning the management and treatment of INOCA. However, several unsolved problems still exist. We herein review the definition, pathology, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, management, and perspectives of INOCA.
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Ikebe et al. (2024) conducted a review in Ischemia with Non-obstructive Coronary Artery Disease (INOCA). Diagnostic and treatment strategies was evaluated. Ischemia with nonobstructive coronary artery disease (INOCA) is primarily driven by coronary spasm and microvascular dysfunction, requiring comprehensive invasive diagnostic procedures to guide tailored medical therapy.
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