Comparative Analysis between Aspergillus-PCR and Galactomannan ELISA for the Detection of Invasive Aspergillosis

In the realm of medical mycology, Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a severe fungal disease primarily affecting individuals with weakened immunity. Because conventional diagnostics like fungal cultures are often slow and lack sensitivity, this study focuses on evaluating two advanced testing methods- Aspergillus-specific PCR and galactomannan ELISA (GM-ELISA)- to identify which delivers more reliable and timely results across sample types and patient profiles. The research was conducted over 13 months in a hospital setting, analyzing bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and serum samples from patients suspected of having IA. GM-ELISA targeted the presence of fungal antigens, while PCR was used for genetic detection and species differentiation. Thorough statistical methods were applied to assess the performance and correlations between both techniques. Patients aged 61–70 years, predominantly male (60%), were most affected. GM-ELISA showed more positives than PCR, though overlap between methods was limited. Antigen levels were higher in BALF than serum, and PCR cycle thresholds inversely correlated with GM-ELISA values, indicating higher fungal loads lead to quicker detection. Aspergillus fumigatus showed the highest antigen burden, while Aspergillus flavus had lower nucleic acid levels. No significant link was found with haematological markers or conditions like diabetes and renal issues.Radiological findings often matched IA pulmonary changes, and Voriconazole was the most common treatment. In conclusion, GM-ELISA proved to be a sensitive tool, particularly for respiratory samples, while PCR contributed valuable specificity and early-stage detection. When used together, they offer a more complete diagnostic picture, enhancing early identification and treatment strategies for IA.