Cross Correlation of Heart Rate and Respiration Versus Deep Breathing: Assessment of New Test of Cardiac Autonomic Function in Diabetes

141 diabetic subjects (mean age 39 +/- 14 years) and 77 control subjects (mean age 33 +/- 13 years). Subgroups included 96 patients with additional autonomic tests, 9 controls for atropine sensitivity, and 11 controls for reproducibility.

Cross correlation of heart rate and respiration (spectral analysis of 256 R-R intervals and pneumotacograph)

Deep breathing test

Detection of autonomic neuropathy, reproducibility, and sensitivity to parasympathetic withdrawalsurrogate