Key result
Opium use was associated with a significantly increased risk of coronary artery disease (OR 2.75; 95% CI 2.04-3.75), but not with cardiovascular in-hospital mortality.
Why the study?
Although the effects of opium on cardiovascular diseases have been extensively studied, few studies have comprehensively summarized this research.
Does opium use increase the risk of coronary artery diseases and CVD mortality compared to non-use?
Meta-Analysis
Does opium use increase the risk of coronary artery diseases and CVD mortality compared to non-use?
Odds Ratio: 2.75 (95% CI 2.04–3.75)
This meta-analysis suggests that opium use is a significant risk factor for coronary artery disease and reduced ejection fraction after heart surgery, though it does not significantly impact in-hospital mortality.
Opium use may warrant CAD risk assessment in users; extends observational associations but leaves causality and mortality effects open.
The effects of opium on cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have been extensively studied. However, there are few studies that summarize this research comprehensively; thus, this systematic review and meta-analysis is a collection of the newest information combined with previous findings to furthermore illuminate the effects of opium on CVDs. In this systematic review, all observational studies were systematically searched using the main international databases such as PubMed/Medline, Web of Sciences, and Scopus until October 2018. After the quality assessment of the articles, the fixed or random model meta-analysis was used to pool the results. I-square test was used to assess the heterogeneity of the studies. Overall, 41 studies were identified. Based on the random model, the pooled odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval (CI)) of opium use and coronary artery diseases (CAD) was estimated at 2.75 (95% CI = 2.04–3.75; I2=47%). The pooled OR of opium use and CVD in-hospital mortality was not statistically significant (OR: 1.44, 95% CI = 0.88–2.36, I2 = 51%). In the stratified analysis, in the patients who had undergone heart surgery, the average of ejection fraction (EF) in the opium users was significantly lower than those not using opium (mean differences: −3.06, CI 95% = −4.40 to −1.71, I2 = 60%) but in the patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing angiography, the average EF was not significantly different in the opium users compared to non-users (mean difference: 0.30, CI: −0. 55 to 1.15). The results of this meta-analysis revealed that opium might be a risk factor for CAD and EF but not in-hospital mortality.
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Nakhaee et al. (2020) conducted a meta-analysis in Cardiovascular diseases. Opium use vs. Non-users was evaluated on Coronary artery diseases (CAD) (OR 2.75, 95% CI 2.04-3.75). Opium use was associated with a significantly increased risk of coronary artery disease (OR 2.75; 95% CI 2.04-3.75), but not with cardiovascular in-hospital mortality.
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