Impact of Healthy Lifestyle in Patients With Familial Hypercholesterolemia

Figures

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  Figure 1. Healthy Lifestyle and Risk for MACE (Top) HRs adjusting for age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and history of prior cardiovascular disease for major adverse cardiac events (MACE) of each healthy lifestyle factor are illustrated. (Bottom) HRs adjusting for age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and history of prior cardiovascular disease for MACE of each healthy lifestyle factor are illustrated.

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  Figure 2. Risk of MACE According to Lifestyle The y-axis represents the HR for major adverse cardiac events (MACE). HR was calculated after adjusting for age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and history of prior cardiovascular disease. Light blue indicates patients without pathogenic mutations and a favorable lifestyle. Blue indicates patients without pathogenic mutations and an intermediate lifestyle. Dark blue indicates patients without pathogenic mutations and an unfavorable lifestyle. Light red indicates patients with pathogenic mutations and a favorable lifestyle. Red indicates patients with pathogenic mutations and an intermediate lifestyle. Dark red indicates patients with pathogenic mutations and an unfavorable lifestyle. FH = familial hypercholesterolemia.

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  Figure 3. Age-Dependent Probability of CVD According to FH Mutation and Lifestyle We quantified the age-dependent probability of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in carriers of a familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) mutation and in noncarriers of different lifestyle scores. (A) Red indicates patients with pathogenic mutations. Blue represents patients without pathogenic mutations. (B) Light blue indicates patients without pathogenic mutations and a favorable lifestyle. Blue indicates patients without pathogenic mutations and an intermediate lifestyle. Dark blue indicates patients without pathogenic mutations and an unfavorable lifestyle. Light red indicates patients with pathogenic mutations and a favorable lifestyle. Red indicates patients with pathogenic mutations and an intermediate lifestyle. Dark red indicates patients with pathogenic mutations and an unfavorable lifestyle.

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  Figure 4. Probability of CVD at the 75 Years of Age According to FH Mutation and Lifestyle The y-axis represents the risk of CVD at 75 years of age. HR was calculated after adjusting for age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and history of prior CVD. Light blue indicates patients without pathogenic mutations and a favorable lifestyle. Blue indicates patients without pathogenic mutations and an intermediate lifestyle. Dark blue indicates patients without pathogenic mutations and an unfavorable lifestyle. Light red indicates patients with pathogenic mutations and a favorable lifestyle. Red indicates patients with pathogenic mutations and an intermediate lifestyle. Dark red indicates patients with pathogenic mutations and an unfavorable lifestyle. Abbreviations as in Figure 3.

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  Central Illustration. Healthy Lifestyle and FH Mutation in Patients With Familial Hypercholesterolemia A mutation in familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) gene illustrated in red is considered to be a congenital (unmodifiable) risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). On the other hand, a healthy lifestyle illustrated in blue is considered to be an acquired (modifiable) risk for CVD that can ease their innate high risk for CVD.