Key result
Coxsackievirus B3 was confirmed as a causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease outbreaks, with phylogenetic analysis showing geographic-specific clustering and an evolutionary rate of 6.19 × 10^-3 substitutions per site per year.
Why the study?
The association between Coxsackievirus B3 and hand, foot, and mouth disease was not clearly demonstrated, and the phylogenetic dynamics and transmission history of CV-B3 were not well summarized.
Observational (n=36)
Coxsackievirus B3 is a confirmed causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease outbreaks, with its global evolution primarily driven by geographic adaptation.
Answers are grounded in this paper and cite their sources.
CV-B3 HFMD outbreaks may warrant myocarditis vigilance in children; leaves open transmission dynamics and cardiac risk quantification.
BACKGROUND: Coxsackievirus B3 (CV-B3) is usually associated with aseptic meningitis and myocarditis; however, the association between CV-B3 and hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) has not been clearly demonstrated, and the phylogenetic dynamics and transmission history of CV-B3 have not been well summarized. METHOD: Two HFMD outbreaks caused by CV-B3 were described in Hebei Province in 2012 and in Shandong Province in 2016 in China. To analyze the epidemiological features of two CV-B3 outbreaks, a retrospective analysis was conducted. All clinical specimens from CV-B3 outbreaks were collected and disposed according to the standard procedures supported by the WHO Global Poliovirus Specialized Laboratory. EV genotyping and phylogenetic analysis were performed to illustrate the genetic characteristics of CV-B3 in China and worldwide. RESULTS: Two transmissible lineages (lineage 2 and 3) were observed in Northern China, which acted as an important "reservoir" for the transmission of CV-B3. Sporadic exporting and importing of cases were observed in almost all regions. In addition, the global sequences of CV-B3 showed a tendency of geographic-specific clustering, indicating that geographic-driven adaptation plays a major role in the diversification and evolution of CV-B3. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, our study indicated that CV-B3 is a causative agent of HFMD outbreak and revealed the phylogenetic dynamics of CV-B3 worldwide, as well as provided an insight on CV-B3 outbreaks for effective intervention and countermeasures.
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Han et al. (2019) conducted an observational in Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) (n=36). Coxsackievirus B3 (CV-B3) infection was evaluated on Phylogenetic clustering and evolutionary rate of CV-B3. Coxsackievirus B3 was confirmed as a causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease outbreaks, with phylogenetic analysis showing geographic-specific clustering and an evolutionary rate of 6.19 × 10^-3 substitutions per site per year.
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