The role of 3D printing in prostate cancer: From in vitro modeling to clinical applications

Traditional two-dimensional models have limitations in mimicking the tumor microenvironment, prompting the emergence of advanced technologies such as 3D printing. This review explores the transformative role of 3D printing in PCa research and treatment, spanning from in vitro modeling to clinical applications. We highlight key materials used in prostate-specific 3D-printed scaffolds, such as chitosan–alginate, collagen, GelMA, and PLGA, as well as the integration of relevant cell types like PC-3, LNCaP, DU145, and MSCs. In clinical practice, 3D printing has improved surgical planning, radiation therapy precision, and the design of personalized drug delivery systems using antiandrogens and chemotherapeutics like docetaxel. Despite substantial promise, challenges remain in biomaterial optimization, model standardization, and regulatory approval. Nonetheless, continued innovations position 3D printing as a pivotal tool in the future of PCa treatment.