Malignant Hypertension and the Role of Ophthalmologists: A Review Article

Figures

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  Figure 1. Typical fundus picture of malignant hypertensive retinopathy Fundus picture of right and left eye of a 21-year-old male patient (author's own patient) showing the typical signs of malignant hypertensive retinopathy like bilateral disc edema, peripapillary splinter haemorrhages, cotton wool spots, vascular tortuosity, venous engorgement, hard exudates at macula in form of macular star.

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  Figure 2. Fundus picture of a patient with malignant hypertension Fundus picture of right and left eyes of a 16-year-old male patient (author's own patient) showing signs of malignant hypertensive retinopathy like bilateral disc edoema, few cotton wool spots and splinter haemorrhages, venous congestion and tortuosity. Elschnig spots and exudative retinal detachment are present inferiorly as signs of severe choroidopathy.

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  Figure 3. Atypical fundus pictures of patients with malignant hypertension Upper photos are fundus picture of a 41-year-old male patient (author's own patient) showing extensive subretinal fibrinous exudates inferiorly along with superficial haemorrhages and minimal disc edema. Lower photos are fundus picture of a 27 years female patient with pre-eclampsia (author's own patient) showing signs of severe choroidopathy with fibrinous deposits at macula and Elschnig’s spots and exudative retinal detachment but no signs of retinopathy like haemorrhage, cotton wool spots or hard exudates.

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  Figure 4. Optical coherence tomography scan of macula in a patient with malignant hypertension OCT macular scan of both eyes of a patient (author's own patient) with malignant hypertension showing bilateral nerve fibre layer thickening and wrinkling, subretinal fluid, cystoid macular edema, hyperreflective dots, disorganization of retinal outer layer