Clinico-Histopathological Evaluation of Sinonasal Mass Lesions: A Retrospective Observational Study

Background: Sinonasal mass lesions comprise a heterogeneous spectrum of non-neoplastic and neoplastic conditions with considerable overlap in clinical presentation.Histopathological examination is essential for definitive diagnosis, particularly in uncommon and diagnostically challenging lesions.The present study aimed to evaluate the clinico-histopathological profile of sinonasal mass lesions in a tertiary care hospital.Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Pathology, Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad, Telangana, India, over a three-year period.All sinonasal biopsy and surgical resection specimens with adequate tissue and complete clinical records were included.Demographic, clinical, radiological, and histopathological data were retrieved from institutional records.Routine hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed, while special stains and immunohistochemistry were used wherever indicated for further diagnostic characterization.Results: A total of 507 sinonasal mass lesions were evaluated.Males predominated, with 310 (61.14%) cases, while females accounted for 197 (38.86%).The 21-40-year age group was most frequently affected, comprising 205 (40.43%) cases.Non-neoplastic lesions constituted the majority, with 317 (62.52%) cases, followed by benign neoplasms in 117 (23.08%) and malignant neoplasms in 73 (14.40%).Inflammatory/allergic sinonasal polyps were the predominant non-neoplastic lesions, accounting for 233 (73.50%) cases.Among benign neoplasms, capillary hemangioma was most frequent with 43 (36.75%)cases, followed by sinonasal papilloma with 40 (34.19%)cases.Among malignant neoplasms, sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma was predominant, comprising 21 (28.77%)cases.Several uncommon entities, including pituitary neuroendocrine tumour, amelanotic melanoma, malignant solitary fibrous tumour, olfactory neuroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and metastatic deposits, were also identified.Conclusion: Sinonasal mass lesions demonstrate a broad histopathological spectrum.Histopathology remains the cornerstone of diagnosis, with special stains and immunohistochemistry providing valuable diagnostic support in challenging cases.