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Breadcrumbing is a manipulative dating behavior involving ambiguous communication that fosters romantic expectations without commitment. This study adapted and validated the Breadcrumbing Experiences Questionnaire (CEB), originally developed in Argentina, for use in Spain. Following ITC guidelines, we conducted three studies: linguistic and content validation (Study 1), Exploratory Factor Analysis identifying two factors (Study 2), and Confirmatory Factor Analysis confirming structure and reliability (Study 3). The CEB showed good internal consistency and criterion validity through associations with loneliness, mood, and ostracism. Results support the CEB as a valid tool to assess breadcrumbing in the Spanish context.
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Navarro et al. (2025) studied this question.
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