Two types of electrical substitution radiometers have been developed at Cambridge Research and Instrumentation (CRI) for applications in metrology. We describe a table-top instrument for calibrating detectors using stabilized laser radiation, a high sensitivity instrument for measuring cryogenic black-body radiation, and an automated system for calibrating photodiodes and thermopiles with several laser lines and a cryogenic radiometer as a reference standard. We also discuss performance characteristics of installed instruments.
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Hoyt et al. (1991) studied this question.
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