A simple technique for suppressing Li2O out-diffusion in Ti : LiNbO3 optical waveguide

Li2O out-diffusion in Ti-diffused LiNbO3 optical waveguide was suppressed by annealing a LiNbO3 y-cut substrate in Li2CO3 powder prior to the Ti-diffusion process. The waveguide, made of the substrate annealed at 600 °C for 72 h, supported single TE and TM modes without any out-diffusion modes for 0.6328-μm light propagation.