From Arroyo to Duterte: Two Decades of Philippines’ Foreign Policy Navigation between the US and China

This study examines the Philippines’ foreign policy towards the US and China during the period 2001–2021, focusing on how the Philippines navigated its relationships with these two major powers in a changing world order. The research analyzes the evolution of the Philippines’ diplomatic, economic, and security policies in response to China’s rising influence and the US’ strategic priorities in Southeast Asia, spanning from the post-9/11 era through the end of President Rodrigo Duterte’s administration. Through analysis of bilateral agreements, trade data, and diplomatic exchanges, this study addresses key questions: How did the Philippines balance its traditional alliance with the US against growing economic ties with China? What factors influenced the Philippines’ policy shifts between these powers across different presidential administrations? The findings reveal that the Philippines pursued a complex strategy of hedging between the two powers, adjusting its approach based on domestic political changes, economic opportunities, and security considerations, particularly regarding territorial disputes in the East Sea.