Time-of-Day-Dependent Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Carotid Hemodynamics in Sedentary Adults

Figures

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  Figure 1. The experimental protocol for each aerobic exercise (AE) session. Each participant completed eight exercise interventions that started at different times (06, 08, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20 AE) and were separated by at least 60 h from the previous one.

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  Figure 2. Effects of AE on blood pressure and arterial elasticity at different time points. Response of systolic blood pressure (SBP) (a) and its post-exercise changes (b) to chrono-exercise; Response of diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (c) and its post-exercise changes (d) to chrono-exercise; Response of apparent elastic modulus (EM) (e) and its post-exercise changes (f) to chrono-exercise. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.

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  Figure 3. Effects of AE on diameter at different time points. Response of the mean values of diameter (Dmean) (a) and its post-exercise changes (b) to chrono-exercise; Response of the maximum values of diameter (Dmax) (c) and its post-exercise changes (d) to chrono-exercise; Response of the minimum values of diameter (Dmin) (e) and its post-exercise changes (f) to chrono-exercise. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01.

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  Figure 4. Effects of AE on blood supply at different time points. Response of the mean values of center-line flow velocity (FVmean) (a) and its post-exercise changes (b) to chrono-exercise; Response of the maximum values of center-line flow velocity (FVmax) (c) and its post-exercise changes (d) to chrono-exercise; Response of the minimum values of center-line flow velocity (FVmin) (e) and its post-exercise changes (f) to chrono-exercise; Response of the mean values of flow rate (FRmean) (g) and its post-exercise changes (h) to chrono-exercise; Response of the maximum values of flow rate (FRmax) (i) and its post-exercise changes (j) to chrono-exercise; Response of the minimum values of flow rate (FRmin) (k) and its post-exercise changes (l) to chrono-exercise; The negative values of FRmin represent retrograde FR. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.

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  Figure 5. Effects of AE on wall shear stress at different time points. Response of the mean values of wall shear stress (WSSmean) (a) and its post-exercise changes (b) to chrono-exercise; Response of the maximum values of wall shear stress (WSSmax) (c) and its post-exercise changes (d) to chrono-exercise; Response of the minimum values of wall shear stress (WSSmin) (e) and its post-exercise changes (f) to chrono-exercise; The negative values of WSSmin represent retrograde WSS; Response of oscillatory shear index (OSI) (g) and its post-exercise changes (h) to chrono-exercise. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.

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  Figure 6. Effects of AE on vascular resistance at different time points. Response of dynamic resistance (DR) (a) and its post-exercise changes (b) to chrono-exercise; Response of peripheral resistance (PR) (c) and its post-exercise changes (d) to chrono-exercise; Response of pulsatility index (PI) (e) and its post-exercise changes (f) to chrono-exercise. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.