Association between Phenotypic Age and Mortality in Patients with Multivessel Coronary Artery Disease

Figure 1. Relationship between PhenoAge, CA, and PhenoAgeAccel. (a) As expected, PhenoAge was highly correlated with CA (r = 0.80, P < 0.001). The red line depicts the expected PhenoAge for each CA, with points above the line depicting CAD patients who were phenotypically older than expected and points below the line depicting those who were phenotypically younger than expected. (b) PhenoAgeAccel was not fairly normally distributed, with a median of -1.69 (interquartile range: -5.02 to 4.51), and 41.7% (254/609) of patients tend to be in the positive (older) direction. CA: chronological age; PhenoAge: Phenotypic Age. PhenoAgeAccel: phenotypic age acceleration.

Figure 2. PhenoAge and PhenoAgeAccel for each disease count. The y-axis depicts the mean and standard deviation of (a) PhenoAge and the median and interquartile range of (b) PhenoAgeAccel; the x-axis shows groups categorized based on the number of chronic diseases each participant had.

Figure 3. Kaplan–Meier curves for all-cause mortality in the positive versus the negative PhenoAgeAccel subgroup. Kaplan-Meier curves describing the risk of all-cause mortality according to baseline PhenoAgeAccel.

Figure 4. Receiver-operating characteristic curves for all-cause mortality. Receiver-operating characteristic curve presents that PhenoAge predicted risk of mortality better than CA (AUC: 0.705 vs. 0.654, P = 0.040). It was only when PhenoAge, demographics, clinical and analytical parameters, and disease count were all included in a single model (model 5+PhenoAge) that the AUC started to significantly exceed the AUC for PhenoAge alone (AUC: 0.765 vs. 0.705, P = 0.002). AUC: area under the curve; CA: chronological age; PhenoAge: phenotypic age; model 5: a model that includes lesion number, revascularization and disease counts, gender, smoking, drinking, body mass index, serum uric acid, creatine kinase, creatine phosphokinase isoenzyme, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide.