Effects of Lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) Supplementation on Hepatic Gene Expression in High-Fat Diet Fed Mice

Figures

• 

  Figure 1. Body weight gain of the mice during the study. Animals received low-fat diet (LF diet, black line), high-fat diet (HF diet, light grey line) or high-fat diet supplemented with lingonberry (HF + LGB diet, grey line). Weight was measured once a week. The results are expressed as grams (g). Values represent mean + SEM, n = 9 mice per group. Two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-test was used in the statistical analysis. Mean values significantly different from the high-fat group (HF diet) are marked with ** = p < 0.01 and *** = p < 0.001.

• 

  Figure 2. Liver weights of the mice at the end of the study. Animals received low-fat diet (LF diet, black column), high-fat diet (HF diet, light grey column) or high-fat diet supplemented with lingonberry (HF + LGB diet, grey column). The results are expressed as grams (g). Values represent mean + SEM, n = 9 mice per group. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-test was used in the statistical analysis, *** = p < 0.001 and ns = not significant.

• 

  Figure 3. A heatmap of the genes upregulated by the HF diet (with an average fold change > 1.5 as compared with LF diet group) and whose increase was prevented by the HF + LGB diet (with an average fold change < −1.5 as compared with HF diet group). Gene expression levels are DESeq2-normalized and row-scaled; red color: higher expression; blue color: lower expression. N = 9 mice per group as indicated with the numbers on the horizontal axis.

• 

  Figure 4. Interactions among the genes with greatest expression fold change in HF vs. LF groups. Genes with expression fold change (FC) > 1.5 or < −1.5 in high-fat (HF) vs. low-fat (LF) diet groups were studied with STRING. Genes with no identified interactions were excluded from the graph. Colors of the edges: green = activation, blue = binding, black = chemical reaction, red = inhibition, violet = catalysis, pink = posttranslational modification, yellow = transcriptional regulation, grey = other interaction.

• 

  Figure 5. Interactions among the genes with greatest expression fold change in HF + LGB vs. HF groups. Genes with expression fold change (FC) > 1.5 or < −1.5 in high-fat diet supplemented with lingonberry (HF + LGB) vs. high-fat (HF) diet groups were studied with STRING. Genes with no identified interactions were excluded from the graph. Colors of the edges: green = activation, blue = binding, black = chemical reaction, red = inhibition, violet = catalysis, pink = posttranslational modification, yellow = transcriptional regulation, grey = other interaction.