Respiratory Syncytial Virus Induces Pneumonia, Cytokine Response, Airway Obstruction, and Chronic Inflammatory Infiltrates Associated with Long‐Term Airway Hyperresponsiveness in Mice

BACKGROUND: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is associated with acute morbidity (e.g., pneumonia and airway obstruction [AO]) and long-term complications (e.g., airway hyperresponsiveness [AHR]). We present a comprehensive evaluation of the acute and chronic phases of RSV respiratory tract infection, using a mouse model. METHODS: BALB/c mice were inoculated with RSV and monitored for 154 days. RSV loads and cytokines were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples. Pneumonia severity was assessed using a standard histopathologic score, and pulmonary function was determined by plethysmography. RESULTS: RSV-infected mice exhibited viral replication that peaked on day 4-5 and became undetectable by day 7. These mice developed acute pneumonia (peak days, 4-5) and chronic pulmonary inflammatory infiltrates that lasted up to 154 days after inoculation. BAL concentrations of tumor necrosis factor- alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, interferon- gamma, IL-4, IL-10, KC (an IL-8 homologue), MIG (CXCL9), RANTES, macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha, and eotaxin were significantly higher in RSV-infected mice than in control mice. RSV-infected mice developed acute AO during the first week of infection that persisted for 42 days. RSV-infected mice also showed significant AHR in response to methacholine up to 154 days. CONCLUSION: This model provides a means to investigate the immunopathogenesis of RSV infection and its association with reactive airway disease.