What question did this study set out to answer?

To investigate whether gold behaves as an amphoteric impurity capable of both donating and accepting electrons in germanium and to characterize its associated energy levels.

December 15, 1955Physical Review

Amphoteric Impurity Action in Germanium

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Authors

WDWilliam DunlapAviation Industry Corporation of China (China)

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Implication

Experimental study reveals amphoteric impurity behavior of gold in germanium, showing a 0.05 eV donor level and highlighting dual donor-acceptor roles dictated by Fermi level position.

Key Points

To investigate whether gold behaves as an amphoteric impurity capable of both donating and accepting electrons in germanium and to characterize its associated energy levels.
Added gold from multiple sources to germanium samples containing varying concentrations of column III acceptor impurities.
Measured carrier density, ionization energies, and energy level positions relative to the valence band across different impurity ratios.
Confirmed a third electronic state behaving as a donor level positioned 0.05 eV above the valence band, representing a nonhydrogenic donor state.
Observed that when gold content exceeds column III element concentrations, carrier density remains constant while carriers exhibit a 0.05 eV ionization energy.
Supported a multi-state charge model where neutral gold loses an electron to form Au+, alongside previously identified Au- and Au2- acceptor states at 0.15 eV and 0.55 eV.

Cite This Study

William Dunlap (1955) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a70fe7526770c2b8de0dcb5 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrev.100.1629

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December 15, 1955Physical Review

Amphoteric Impurity Action in Germanium

View Full Paper

Ask AI

Bookmark

Authors

WDWilliam DunlapAviation Industry Corporation of China (China)

Discussion

Member takes

Implication

Experimental study reveals amphoteric impurity behavior of gold in germanium, showing a 0.05 eV donor level and highlighting dual donor-acceptor roles dictated by Fermi level position.

Key Points

To investigate whether gold behaves as an amphoteric impurity capable of both donating and accepting electrons in germanium and to characterize its associated energy levels.
Added gold from multiple sources to germanium samples containing varying concentrations of column III acceptor impurities.
Measured carrier density, ionization energies, and energy level positions relative to the valence band across different impurity ratios.
Confirmed a third electronic state behaving as a donor level positioned 0.05 eV above the valence band, representing a nonhydrogenic donor state.
Observed that when gold content exceeds column III element concentrations, carrier density remains constant while carriers exhibit a 0.05 eV ionization energy.
Supported a multi-state charge model where neutral gold loses an electron to form Au+, alongside previously identified Au- and Au2- acceptor states at 0.15 eV and 0.55 eV.

Cite This Study

William Dunlap (1955) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a70fe7526770c2b8de0dcb5 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrev.100.1629

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