The radiation dose to the patient and to members of staff was monitored during 18 procedures for the percutaneous removal of renal stones. It was found that the radiation dose to the patient was minimal and was about the same as for an IVU. The overall dose to the staff was acceptably low and within safety limits. It was concluded that PCNL is a safe procedure from the radiation point of view but it may be advisable to take certain precautions if the workload is high.
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Rao et al. (1987) studied this question.
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