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A piezoelectric energy-harvesting system, including a parallel-synchronized-switch harvesting-on-inductor (SSHI) rectifier and integrated maximum-power-point tracking (MPPT), is presented. The perturb & observe (P&O) algorithm is adopted for the MPPT of the parallel-SSHI rectifier. Furthermore, an output power evaluation algorithm for the P&O MPPT is proposed and its detailed implementation in the full analog domain is analyzed. Fabricated in 130-nm CMOS, measurement results show the piezoelectric harvesting system achieves a 417% energy-extraction improvement for the rectifier and a maximum 97% tracking efficiency for the MPPT, which makes the system achieve high energy-extraction improvement and MPPT efficiency simultaneously.
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Li et al. (2019) studied this question.
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