How the heterogeneity of the severely injured brain affects hybrid diffuse optical signals: case examples and guidelines

Significance: A shortcoming of the routine clinical use of diffuse optics (DO) in the injured head has been that the results from commercial near-infrared spectroscopy-based devices are not reproducible, often give physiologically invalid values, and differ among systems. Besides the limitations due to the physics of continuous-wave light sources, one culprit is the head heterogeneity and the underlying morphological and functional abnormalities of the probed tissue. Aim: The aim is to investigate the effect that different tissue alterations in the damaged head have on DO signals and provide guidelines to avoid data misinterpretation. Approach: DO measurements and computed tomography scans were acquired on brain-injured patients. The relationship between the signals and the underlying tissue types was classified on a case-by-case basis. Results: Examples and suggestions to establish quality control routines were provided. The findings suggested guidelines for carrying out DO measurements and speculations toward improved devices. Conclusions: quality control routines that go beyond an assessment of the signal-to-noise ratio that is typically utilized.