Utility of Real-Time Three-Dimensional Echocardiography for the Assessment of Right Ventricular Morphology and Function in Large Animal Models

Figures

• 

  Figure 1. A representative image of the right ventricular volume generated by the 4D Auto RVQ software (GE Healthcare, Tokyo, Japan). 4Ch: left apical four-chamber view optimized for the right heart; ED: end-diastole; ES: end-systole; RV: right ventricular; RVEDV: end-diastolic RV volume; RV EF: RV ejection fraction; RVESV: end-systolic RV volume; RV FAC: RV fractional area change; RV SV: RV stroke volume; SAX–mid: short axis view of the middle right ventricle; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion. Green circle represents the automatically traced right ventricular endocardial border.

• 

  Figure 2. Correlations between the right ventricular morphology and function measured by right heart catheterization and real-time three-dimensional echocardiography: (a) end-diastolic right ventricular volume (RVEDV); (b) end-systolic right ventricular volume (RVESV); (c) stroke volume (SV); (d) ejection fraction (EF). Black round dots show the measurements of baseline. Orange round and triangular dots show the measurements of 5 and 10 µg/kg/min dobutamine infusions, respectively. Blue round and triangular dots show the measurements of 15 and 30 min after acute volume load, respectively. Green round and triangular dots show the measurements of 15 and 30 min after furosemide administration, respectively.

• 

  Figure 3. Agreements between the right ventricular morphology and function measured by right heart catheterization and real-time three-dimensional echocardiography demonstrated on Bland–Altman plots: (a) end-diastolic right ventricular volume (RVEDV); (b) end-systolic right ventricular volume (RVESV); (c) stroke volume (SV); (d) ejection fraction (EF). The horizontal solid and dotted lines represent the mean difference and the limits of agreement, respectively. Black round dots show the measurements of baseline. Orange round and triangular dots show the measurements of 5 and 10 µg/kg/min dobutamine infusions, respectively. Blue round and triangular dots show the measurements of 15 and 30 min after acute volume load, respectively. Green round and triangular dots show the measurements of 15 and 30 min after furosemide administration, respectively.