Formation of productivity of binary and single-species cenosis in the conditions of the Western Forest-Steppe

The effectiveness of certain elements of the technology for growing binary cenosis of grain crops (oat, triticale) and grain-legume (vetch, lupine) crops in the soil and climatic conditions of the Western Forest-Steppe was evaluated. It was established that mineral fertilization and the rate of seeding of the grain component in mixtures significantly impacted the formation of the crop structure. With the introduction of mineral fertilizer in a dose of N32P32K32, an increase in the number of productive stems, the weight of 1000 grains, and the nature of grain both in monospecies and in mixed crops were noted. Binary cenosis of grain and grain-legume crops were characterized by higher indicators of dry matter. On the background of mineral nutrition (N32P32K32) in the XI stage of organogenesis, the maximum values of the dry matter of 100 plants were noted: for lupine-oat mixtures – 1065–1085 g, triticale-lupin mixtures – 1011-1069 g, vetch-oat mixtures – 848–949 g, vetch-triticale mixtures – 811–886 g. Mineral fertilizer N32P32K32 ensured the formation of a greater number of beans, the mass and number of grains in the ear, and plant productivity, but had a negative effect on the process of root nodule formation: in mixtures with vetch, their mass decreased by 0.82–0.84 g/plant (to 0.52–0.66 g), in mixtures with lupine – by 0.07–0.17 g/plant (to 2.29–2.36 g). The same pattern was observed in single-species crops. Reduction of the seeding rate of the grain component by 1 million germinated seeds/ha in mixtures with legumes contributed to the increase in the number of grains in the ear (panicle) and seeds in the bean pod. The introduction of mineral fertilizer N32P32K32 contributed to the growth of the mass of 1000 grains of grain and grain-legume crops both in monospecies and in mixed crops. In single-species crops, the mass of 1000 grains on fertilized plots increased in oat and triticale by 1.3 and 2.5 g, respectively, in spring vetch – by 5.4, and lupine – by 10.4 g. The growth of this indicator was also noted in mixed crops. Sowing a mixture of oat and spring vetch (4.0 + 0.8 million of germinated seeds/ha) on the background of mineral fertilizer N32P32K32 provided the highest yield – 5.3 t/ha. Reduction of the seeding rate of the grain component by 1 million of germinated seeds/ha caused a decrease in yield by 0.25 t/ha. The yield increase compared to unfertilized crops was 1.07 and 1.15 t/ha, respectively.