Population
Closed- and open-chest dogs, a sheep, and a primate
Comparison
Infusion with isoproterenol, norepinephrine, and… vs Control state
Design
Preclinical
Authors
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Efficiency varies with vasoactive state via impedance matching in this model; leaves open clinical translation to energetic optimization.
Fourier analysis of ventricular and aortic hemodynamics demonstrates that maximal cardiac efficiency occurs with optimal impedance matching and varies significantly with different vasoactive infusions.
Francis L. Abel (1971) studied this question.
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