A Conceptual COLREGs-based Obstacle Avoidance Algorithm Implementing Dynamic Path Planning and Collision Risk Assessment

to develop algorithms and methods that can assist human operators in collision avoidance strategies, a pivotal component of ensuring ships' safe navigation.This need arises from the limitations of human operators as discussed earlier, compounded by commercial pressures [5].These algorithms and methods will not only aid human operators but also serve as the foundation for future systems that are anticipated to replace human involvement.