Highly oriented bacteriorhodopsin films were deposited using a specially designed procedure of electric field assisted monolayer formation. The self-assembly of the monolayer at the air/water interface was monitored by the increase of the surface pressure. The monolayers were transferred onto solid substrates by the Langmuir-Schaefer technique. Electrical measurements on the films with a specially designed chamber confirmed the improved orientation of the films. Possible application of the films in practical devices such as a transducer for biosensor is discussed, keeping in mind features and inherent limitations when compared with existing silicon transducers.
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Nicolini et al. (1998) studied this question.
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