Key result
Male sex was associated with significantly higher cardio-ankle vascular index compared to females across all age groups, including patients ≥80 years (10.26 vs 9.51, P<0.001).
Why the study?
All large-scale studies of CAVI have investigated patients <80 years old, leaving the clinical characteristics of high CAVI in patients aged 80 or more unclear.
Observational (n=5,109)
Yes
The determinants of arterial stiffness (measured by CAVI) differ by age, with diabetes being a significant factor in younger and middle-aged patients but not in the very elderly.
Sex differences in CAVI may inform arterial stiffness risk stratification; leaves open whether sex-specific thresholds improve prognostic accuracy.
The value of the cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) increases with age. All large-scale studies of the CAVI have investigated patients <80 years old. Thus, the clinical characteristics of high CAVI in patients aged 80 or more remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated (1) the CAVI in very elderly patients and (2) the determinants of a high CAVI in high-risk patients, including very elderly patients. The Cardiovascular Prognostic Coupling Study in Japan (Coupling Registry) is a prospective observational study of Japanese outpatients with any cardiovascular risk factors. We enrolled 5109 patients from 30 institutions (average age 68.7 ± 11.4 years, 52.4% males). We investigated the determinants of the CAVI by separating the patients into three groups: 970 middle-aged (<60 years), 3252 elderly (60-79 years), and 887 very elderly (≥80 years) patients. The CAVI values of the males were significantly higher those of the females in all age groups (<60 years: 7.81 ± 1.11 vs. 7.38 ± 0.99, P < .001; 60-79 years: 9.20 ± 1.29 vs. 8.66 ± 1.07, P < .001; ≥80 years: 10.26 ± 1.39 vs. 9.51 ± 1.12, P < .001). In all age groups, the CAVI of the patients with diabetes/glucose tolerance disorder was higher than that of the patients without diabetes/glucose tolerance disorder (<60 years: 7.82 ± 1.22 vs 7.58 ± 1.03, P = .002; 60-79 years: 9.23 ± 1.20 vs 8.78 ± 1.19, P < .001; ≥80 years: 10.04 ± 1.24 vs 9.75 ± 1.32, P = .002). The determinants of the CAVI in these very elderly patients were age, male sex, low BMI, and mean blood pressure. Diabetes/glucose tolerance disorder and glucose were independently associated with the CAVI in the patients aged <60 years and 60-79 years, but not in those aged ≥80 years after adjusting for other covariates.
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Kabutoya et al. (2020) conducted an observational in Cardiovascular risk factors (n=5,109). Cardiovascular risk factors (including age, male sex, and diabetes) vs. Absence of respective risk factors was evaluated on Cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI). Male sex was associated with significantly higher cardio-ankle vascular index compared to females across all age groups, including patients ≥80 years (10.26 vs 9.51, P<0.001).
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