Key result
In 224 hemodialysis patients, serum indoxyl sulfate levels were independently associated with atherosclerotic risk factors including pentosidine, creatinine, and HDL-cholesterol.
Cross-Sectional (n=224)
Indoxyl sulfate levels are independently associated with atherosclerotic risk factors such as pentosidine and low HDL-cholesterol in hemodialysis patients, suggesting a potential role in uremic atherosclerosis.
Hypothesis-generating in hemodialysis; prospective studies needed before clinical adoption or targeted interventions.
BACKGROUND: Indoxyl sulfate is a uremic toxin that accelerates the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Serum levels of indoxyl sulfate are increased in dialysis patients. It was reported that indoxyl sulfate plays a role in endothelial dysfunction in uremic patients, and stimulates proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). We examined associations between indoxyl sulfate and several markers related to atherosclerosis. METHODS: The association between indoxyl sulfate and atherosclerotic risk factors was studied in 224 hemodialysis (HD) patients (123 male, 101 female). Serum levels of indoxyl sulfate were measured by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). RESULTS: There were significant differences in serum levels of creatinine, calcium x phosphate and pentosidine between high- and low-indoxyl sulfate level groups. Indoxyl sulfate showed significant positive correlations with pentosidine, creatinine, and protein catabolic rate, and a significant negative correlation with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Further, pentosidine, creatinine, and HDL-cholesterol were independently associated with indoxyl sulfate by multiple linear regression analysis. CONCLUSION: In addition to creatinine, pentosidine and HDL-cholesterol, the risk factors of atherosclerosis, were associated with indoxyl sulfate in HD patients. Indoxyl sulfate may be involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
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Taki et al. (2007) conducted a cross-sectional in Hemodialysis (n=224). Serum indoxyl sulfate vs. Low indoxyl sulfate levels was evaluated on Atherosclerotic risk factors (pentosidine, creatinine, HDL-cholesterol). In 224 hemodialysis patients, serum indoxyl sulfate levels were independently associated with atherosclerotic risk factors including pentosidine, creatinine, and HDL-cholesterol.
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