A new type of CCD image sensor for two-dimensional synchronous detection ("lock-in imager") is presented. The measurement principle allows each pixel to measure the size of the amplitude modulation, the relative phase and the mean brightness level (background) of an oscillating optical wave field. Design, operation and measurement results are presented. A typical application for this sensor would be in 3-D imaging (range measurement) using heterodyne interferometry.>
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Spirig et al. (1995) studied this question.