Molecular Mechanisms and Signaling Pathways of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy

Diabetes and heart failure incidence are increasing worldwide and responsible for high morbidity and mortality rates. The clinical outcomes arising from diabetic complications such as nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy and cardiomyopathy are more serious. This review focuses on diabetic cardiomyopathy clinical aspects and disease prognosis. Additionally, it focuses on the different molecular and protein signalling pathways involved in diabetic cardiomyopathy including the increased mitochondrial oxidative stress, AGE and RAGE pathways, activated RAAS, Impaired AMPK, alterations in PPARs, SGLT2 abnormalities, PKC activation MAPK and JNK alterations, activation of NF-κB. targeting these pathways by different mechanisms could be promising in the management and prophylaxis against diabetic cardiomyopathy.