The H240R Protein of African Swine Fever Virus Inhibits Interleukin 1β Production by Inhibiting NEMO Expression and NLRP3 Oligomerization

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gene exhibits high-level expression of interleukin 1β (IL-1β), a proinflammatory cytokine, in porcine alveolar macrophages and that the H240R protein (pH240R) exhibits robust inhibitory effects on IL-1β transcription and production. More specifically, pH240R inhibited NF-κB activation via the autophagy-mediated lysosomal degradation of NEMO, leading to the decrease of pro-IL-1β transcription. In addition, pH240R interacted with NLRP3 to inhibit its oligomerization, leading to decreased IL-1β production. Our results indicate that pH240R is involved in the evasion of host innate immunity and provide a novel target for the development of a live attenuated vaccine against ASF.