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Edward J. McElroy, Maria Armesto, TRIO and Upward Bound: History, Programs, and Issues-Past, Present, and Future, The Journal of Negro Education, Vol. 67, No. 4, The Full Circle: TRIO Programs, Higher Education, and the American Future (Autumn, 1998), pp. 373-380
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McElroy et al. (1998) studied this question.
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