Prevalence and risk/protective indicators of peri-implant diseases: a university-representative cross-sectional study

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Aim To evaluate the prevalence of peri-implant diseases and to identify risk/protective indicators of peri-implantitis. Materials and Methods 240 randomly selected patients from a university clinic database were invited to participate. Those who accepted, once data from their medical and dental history was collected, were examined clinically and radiographically to assess the prevalence of peri-implant health and diseases. A multilevel multivariate logistic regression analysis was carried out to identify those factors associated either positively (risk) or negatively (protective) with peri-implantitis defined as BoP/SoP and bone levels ≧2 mm. Results 99 patients with a total of 458 dental implants were analyzed. The prevalence of preperiimplantitis and of peri-implantitis were respectively 56.6% and 31.3% at patient-level, while 27.9% and 31.7% at implant-level. The following factors were identified as risk indicators for periimplantitis: smoking (OR = 3.59; 95%CI:1.52–8.45), moderate/severe periodontitis (OR = 2.77; 95%CI:1.20–6.36), < 16 remaining teeth (OR = 2.23; 95%CI:1.05–4.73), plaque (OR = 3.49; 95%CI:1.13–10.75), implant malposition (too vestibular: OR = 2.85; 95%CI:1.17–6.93), implant brand (Nobel vs. Straumann: OR = 4.41;95% CI:1.76–11.09), restoration type (bridge: OR = 2.47; 95%CI:1.19–5.12), and trauma as reason of tooth loss (OR = 6.51;95% CI:1.45–29.26). Conversely, the following factors were identified as protective indicators: interproximal flossing/brushing (OR = 0.27; 95%CI:0.11–0.68), proton pump inhibitors (OR = 0.08; 95%CI:0.01–0.90) and anticoagulants (OR = 0.08; 95%CI:0.01–0.56). Conclusions Peri-implant diseases are highly prevalent among patients with dental implants in this university-based population. Several factors were identified as risk- and protective-indicators of peri-implantitis.