Prevalence and biomarkers in metabolic syndrome

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) has a worldwide tendency to increase and depends on many components, which explains the complexity of diagnostics and approaches to the prevention and treatment of this pathology. Age, lifestyle, socioeconomic status, insulin resistance (IR), dyslipidemia, obesity and genetic predisposition are factors influencing the risk of developing and progression of MS. Features of the distribution and dysfunction of adipose tissue are important factors in the development of IR, with obesity, as well as the risk of the formation of cardiometabolic diseases and MS. ­Understanding of mechanisms is linked to advances in metabolic phenotyping. Metabolic phenotyping of obese persons is important for the development of important diseases in relation to the study of the pathophysiology of metabolic disorders, the possible concomitant disease and the search for innovative strategies for the prevention and treatment of MS. The understanding of MS mechanisms is associated with advances in metabolic phenotyping. Therefore, the relevance of further study of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying various metabolic phenotypes of MS is one of the promising areas of modern scientific research. This review summarizes the current literature data on the prevalence of MS depending on gender, age, population, area of residence, education, level of physical activity, and many other parameters. Metabolic risks of MS development are detailed. Biological markers of MS are considered. The necessity of metabolic phenotyping of MS has been shown, which may have potential therapeutic value.