The overlooked trio: sleep duration, sampling time and physical exercise alter levels of olink-assessed blood biomarkers of cardiovascular risk

Figures

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  Fig. 1. (below). Sleep restriction, time of day and physical exercise dynamically modulate proteomic CVD biomarker levels (related to Fig S1 - 2). A Overview of the study protocol, illustrating the randomized crossover 2-session study design. B Volcano plot showing proteins that exhibited significant changes from morning to evening in the normal sleep (NS) and recurrent sleep restriction (SR) conditions. A positive coefficient indicates higher protein levels at the given post-exercise timepoint. Note that the y axis shows the uncorrected p values; significant proteins (FDR-corrected P<0.05) are shown in black. C Protein quantification based on ELISA for evening-to-morning dynamics of GH, IL- 6 and VASPIN, analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA, across the two sleep conditions. * indicates P < 0.05, for post-hoc analysis at 0830 h (Šídák's multiple comparisons test). D Cluster analysis for the exercise timepoints. Shows line graphs for each cluster, in the NS (green, top) and SR (red, bottom) conditions. Proteins that appear in each cluster are plotted within the cluster as a single line (mean value) across the acute exercise timepoints (Pre-exercise to + 240 min). See also figure S2 A. E…

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  Fig. 2. (below). Recurrent sleep restriction promotes changes in proteomic levels in a direction that have previously been associated with prospective risk of cardiovascular disease. A Volcano plot comparing relative proteomic levels after three nights of full sleep (NS) with three nights of sleep restriction (SR), using a mixed effects model. The X axis represents model coefficient value, where values above 0 indicate higher values in SR compared with NS condition. Note that the Y axis shows uncorrected p-values; significant proteins (FDR-corrected P < 0.05) are shown in black. See also Table S4 A. B Heatmap that shows relative levels for proteins that were significantly different (as seen in panel A) after three nights of NS compared with three nights of SR. The columns show levels across the pre- and post-exercise timepoints. C Overlap of proteins with significantly altered levels after three nights of SR compared with NS in our study, with those identified as significantly predictive of greater (red circles, left column) or lower (green, right column) risk of heart failure (HF), across the 3 cohorts analyzed in [4] (see also Table S4B). The number of circles per row indicate across…